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예수님 시대의 갈릴리 배
1986년 극심한 가물이 들어 갈릴리 호수(히브리어:얌 키네렛)의 해수면이 매우 낮아진때에, 키부츠 기노사르에 살던 한 형제는 갈릴리의 배 한척을 발견하게 되었다. 이 배는 해저 침전물 가운데 파묻혀 있었고, 오히려 이 침전물에 의해서 보호되고 있었다. 이스라엘 고고학 당국은 많은 자원봉사자들의 도움으로 놀라운 11일간의 발굴작업을 통해 이 배를 발굴하게 되었다. 발굴자들은 유리섬유와 폴리우레탄 거품이라는 보호피막으로, 약하고 물에 흠뻑젖은 선체를 감싼 뒤, 물에 띄워 성곡적으로 이그알 알론 센터 (Yigal Allon Center) 근처로 옮겼다. 이곳에서 특별히 제작된 물탱크에 넣은 후 주의 깊게 관찰하면서 11년간 보존했다.
현 상태를 유지하기 위해 이 배는 가열된 폴리에틸렌 클리콜 용액에 넣어졌다. 나무 세포에 들어 있는 물 대신에 이런 합성 왁스가 채워졌다. 그 후에야 이 선체는 서서히 건조될 수 있었고, 밖으로 흘러 나온 왁스는 제거되었다. 그리고 온도를 적당히 조절할 수 있는 박물관에 오늘날 처럼 전시될 수 있었다.
이 배는 길이 8.2미터, 폭 2.3미터, 높이 1.2미터의 크기로 보존되어 있으며, 전형적인 고대 지중해식 방식인 외판에 기초한 구조로 제작되었으며, 두꺼운 판자 가장 자리의 장부 이음을 못으로 연결했다. 그래서 쇠로된 못이 선체의 틀을 잡아주고 있다.
여러 차례 수리 되었으며 프레임재가 다시 사용된 점, 그리고 그 선체에서 분명히 볼 수 있는 많은(12가지) 종류의 나무들을 볼 때, 이 선박은 오랜 기간 사용되었으며 보잘 것 없는 재산을 가진 소유주의 것으로 보인다. 몇가지 잣대로 가늠해 볼 때, 이 갈릴리 배는 주전 1세기 ~ 주후 1세기의 것으로 여겨진다. 선원의 수를 통해 볼 때, 이 배는 복음서에 나오는 예수님의 제자들에 으해서 사용된 배로 여려지며, 주후 67년 로마를 맞아 싸웠던 미그달(Migdal) 전쟁에서 유대인들에 으해 사용된 것으로 보인다. 그래서 이 초라한 배는 예수님의 사역과 미그달 전쟁에 대한 분명한 그림을 보여주는 놀라운 창문의 역할을 하고 있다.
이 배는 전시한 지 14년이 지난 후인 2000년 2월, 이 배는 영구히 보존될 장소(이갈 알론 센터의 새로운 지부)로 이전되었다. 이곳에서 갈릴리 사람들의 삶의 이야기를 보여주고 있다.
1986년 극심한 가물이 들어 갈릴리 호수(히브리어:얌 키네렛)의 해수면이 매우 낮아진때에, 키부츠 기노사르에 살던 한 형제는 갈릴리의 배 한척을 발견하게 되었다. 이 배는 해저 침전물 가운데 파묻혀 있었고, 오히려 이 침전물에 의해서 보호되고 있었다. 이스라엘 고고학 당국은 많은 자원봉사자들의 도움으로 놀라운 11일간의 발굴작업을 통해 이 배를 발굴하게 되었다. 발굴자들은 유리섬유와 폴리우레탄 거품이라는 보호피막으로, 약하고 물에 흠뻑젖은 선체를 감싼 뒤, 물에 띄워 성곡적으로 이그알 알론 센터 (Yigal Allon Center) 근처로 옮겼다. 이곳에서 특별히 제작된 물탱크에 넣은 후 주의 깊게 관찰하면서 11년간 보존했다.
현 상태를 유지하기 위해 이 배는 가열된 폴리에틸렌 클리콜 용액에 넣어졌다. 나무 세포에 들어 있는 물 대신에 이런 합성 왁스가 채워졌다. 그 후에야 이 선체는 서서히 건조될 수 있었고, 밖으로 흘러 나온 왁스는 제거되었다. 그리고 온도를 적당히 조절할 수 있는 박물관에 오늘날 처럼 전시될 수 있었다.
이 배는 길이 8.2미터, 폭 2.3미터, 높이 1.2미터의 크기로 보존되어 있으며, 전형적인 고대 지중해식 방식인 외판에 기초한 구조로 제작되었으며, 두꺼운 판자 가장 자리의 장부 이음을 못으로 연결했다. 그래서 쇠로된 못이 선체의 틀을 잡아주고 있다.
여러 차례 수리 되었으며 프레임재가 다시 사용된 점, 그리고 그 선체에서 분명히 볼 수 있는 많은(12가지) 종류의 나무들을 볼 때, 이 선박은 오랜 기간 사용되었으며 보잘 것 없는 재산을 가진 소유주의 것으로 보인다. 몇가지 잣대로 가늠해 볼 때, 이 갈릴리 배는 주전 1세기 ~ 주후 1세기의 것으로 여겨진다. 선원의 수를 통해 볼 때, 이 배는 복음서에 나오는 예수님의 제자들에 으해서 사용된 배로 여려지며, 주후 67년 로마를 맞아 싸웠던 미그달(Migdal) 전쟁에서 유대인들에 으해 사용된 것으로 보인다. 그래서 이 초라한 배는 예수님의 사역과 미그달 전쟁에 대한 분명한 그림을 보여주는 놀라운 창문의 역할을 하고 있다.
이 배는 전시한 지 14년이 지난 후인 2000년 2월, 이 배는 영구히 보존될 장소(이갈 알론 센터의 새로운 지부)로 이전되었다. 이곳에서 갈릴리 사람들의 삶의 이야기를 보여주고 있다.
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Conservation at the excavation site
When the boat sank, some 2,000 years ago, it began filling up with silt until much of its lower hull was encapsulated in a packed-mud time bubble, which slowed down the setting in of decay. However,the damaged inner cells of the wood had decayed and been replaced with water. Even when the boat appeared to be well preserved the timer was infact soft and spongy.
Excavation efforts concentrated on extricating the boat in one piece. The major problem confronting the excavators from the start was the need to protect the timber from drying, which would have led to shrinkage and deformation. It was the excavation team's aim to complete the excavation as quickly as possible then reimmerse the boat in water.
The fragile condition of the boat called for unusual excavation conditions. Excavators needed to clear the mud without handling or having any contact with the vessel.
Throughout the round the clock 11-day excavation the boat was contantly sprayed with water to avoid drying and thus distortion. The vessel was also kept shaded during the day to prevent drying from the sun.
Once the mud was cleared a method was needed to support the vessel for transport to the conservation facility. The method chosen was to install fiberglass ribs inside the boat. Then the entire craft was filled with polyurethane foam. The polyurethane foam created the same cocoon effect as the original mud encasement.
Transfer to the conservation facility
Suitable conservation facilities were a considerable distance from the excavation site.
The problem of transporting this large, fragile body was resolved once it was packaged in foam. The vessel could then be securely floated to its destination. After 11 days of strenuous excavation work, water from the Kinneret was pumped back into the excavation pit, a passage was cleared in the dike surrounding it and the boat floated out on to the lake for the first time in 2000 years to the fishing-boat dock at Ginosar.
The Conservation Facility
A conservation pool of tiled reinforved concrete was built to shelter the boat throughout the conservationprocess. The polyurethane covering was stripped off and the vessel was nestled into a fiberglass frame.The conservation pool was filled with water.
The conservation facility was erected in a temporary insulated structure, inaccessible to visitors. It consisted of a 42- cubic- meter pool of tiled reinforced concrete, equipped with a double-pump stirring systems, filters, and submerged heating elements, all computer-controlled.
When the chemical process was complete, the structure was fitted with a sensor-operated environment-control system comprising air conditioning and humidity-control.
The conservation process took seven years to complete. It consisted ot gradually replacing the waterin the wood cells with a solution of synthetic wax to reinforce the wood as it gradually dried.
Conservation Method
Prior to initiating the conservation process, a series of examinations was conducted on samples taken from the boat timbers.The wood types represented in the boat and the different degrees of decay in its various parts called foran elaborate conservation method that would ultimately allow the boat to be exhibited in an ordinary museum setting.
The conservation process was based on treating the wood with polythene glycol (PEG), a synthetic water-soluble wax. The wax would replace the water accumulated in the deteriorating wood cells and eventually allow the wood to be dried and stabilized without undergoing any deformation.
Once the tests on the wood samples confirmed that the wood had fully absorbed the wax and there was no sign of shrinkage, the process had indeed been completed. At this point all involved in the project
waited in suspense.
What was the boat going to look like, after being hidden from sight in a dark pool for the past four years?
Once the drying and cleaning of the boat were completed, documentation commenced, including photography, drawing and three-dimensional mapping using a laser measuring device (Teodolit laser).
Full documentation is an essential tool for archaeological study. In a case of structural damage it facilitates repairs of the boat.
Transportaton to the Exhibition Space
The project of transporting the boat to its permanent place of exhibition was conducted in the early morning hours. The newly conserved ancient boat was packaged again for transport.
The packaged vessel was lifted by a crane and carefully lowered through the temporarily removed eastern wall of the newly-built annex of the museum into the exhibition space.
The Exhibition Space
The exhibition space has been fitted with an environment control system, guaranteeing constant relative humidity, temperature and air pressure at all times. A movable platform erected above the boat affords easy access to all its parts, and allows for constant maintenance.
Once the environmental conditions in the exhibition space had been stabilized,The packaging materials and metal supports were removed.
The 1st Century Galilee Boat emerged in its full glory.
Therefore, a suspended platform was devised affording access to the inner hull. Excavators would lay on the platform and carefully remove the mud encasing the boat.
When the boat sank, some 2,000 years ago, it began filling up with silt until much of its lower hull was encapsulated in a packed-mud time bubble, which slowed down the setting in of decay. However,the damaged inner cells of the wood had decayed and been replaced with water. Even when the boat appeared to be well preserved the timer was infact soft and spongy.
Excavation efforts concentrated on extricating the boat in one piece. The major problem confronting the excavators from the start was the need to protect the timber from drying, which would have led to shrinkage and deformation. It was the excavation team's aim to complete the excavation as quickly as possible then reimmerse the boat in water.
The fragile condition of the boat called for unusual excavation conditions. Excavators needed to clear the mud without handling or having any contact with the vessel.
Throughout the round the clock 11-day excavation the boat was contantly sprayed with water to avoid drying and thus distortion. The vessel was also kept shaded during the day to prevent drying from the sun.
Once the mud was cleared a method was needed to support the vessel for transport to the conservation facility. The method chosen was to install fiberglass ribs inside the boat. Then the entire craft was filled with polyurethane foam. The polyurethane foam created the same cocoon effect as the original mud encasement.
Transfer to the conservation facility
Suitable conservation facilities were a considerable distance from the excavation site.
The problem of transporting this large, fragile body was resolved once it was packaged in foam. The vessel could then be securely floated to its destination. After 11 days of strenuous excavation work, water from the Kinneret was pumped back into the excavation pit, a passage was cleared in the dike surrounding it and the boat floated out on to the lake for the first time in 2000 years to the fishing-boat dock at Ginosar.
The Conservation Facility
A conservation pool of tiled reinforved concrete was built to shelter the boat throughout the conservationprocess. The polyurethane covering was stripped off and the vessel was nestled into a fiberglass frame.The conservation pool was filled with water.
The conservation facility was erected in a temporary insulated structure, inaccessible to visitors. It consisted of a 42- cubic- meter pool of tiled reinforced concrete, equipped with a double-pump stirring systems, filters, and submerged heating elements, all computer-controlled.
When the chemical process was complete, the structure was fitted with a sensor-operated environment-control system comprising air conditioning and humidity-control.
The conservation process took seven years to complete. It consisted ot gradually replacing the waterin the wood cells with a solution of synthetic wax to reinforce the wood as it gradually dried.
Conservation Method
Prior to initiating the conservation process, a series of examinations was conducted on samples taken from the boat timbers.The wood types represented in the boat and the different degrees of decay in its various parts called foran elaborate conservation method that would ultimately allow the boat to be exhibited in an ordinary museum setting.
The conservation process was based on treating the wood with polythene glycol (PEG), a synthetic water-soluble wax. The wax would replace the water accumulated in the deteriorating wood cells and eventually allow the wood to be dried and stabilized without undergoing any deformation.
Once the tests on the wood samples confirmed that the wood had fully absorbed the wax and there was no sign of shrinkage, the process had indeed been completed. At this point all involved in the project
waited in suspense.
What was the boat going to look like, after being hidden from sight in a dark pool for the past four years?
Once the drying and cleaning of the boat were completed, documentation commenced, including photography, drawing and three-dimensional mapping using a laser measuring device (Teodolit laser).
Full documentation is an essential tool for archaeological study. In a case of structural damage it facilitates repairs of the boat.
Transportaton to the Exhibition Space
The project of transporting the boat to its permanent place of exhibition was conducted in the early morning hours. The newly conserved ancient boat was packaged again for transport.
The packaged vessel was lifted by a crane and carefully lowered through the temporarily removed eastern wall of the newly-built annex of the museum into the exhibition space.
The Exhibition Space
The exhibition space has been fitted with an environment control system, guaranteeing constant relative humidity, temperature and air pressure at all times. A movable platform erected above the boat affords easy access to all its parts, and allows for constant maintenance.
Once the environmental conditions in the exhibition space had been stabilized,The packaging materials and metal supports were removed.
The 1st Century Galilee Boat emerged in its full glory.
Therefore, a suspended platform was devised affording access to the inner hull. Excavators would lay on the platform and carefully remove the mud encasing the boat.
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General Information about the Ancient Boat
The boat as discovered measured 8.2 meters long, with a maximum breadth of 2.3 meters and a preserved height of 1.2 meters. It probably had a cutwater bow and a recurving ste. The boat apparently represents the largest boat type in use on the lake in antiquity. It would have served primarily for fishing the rich waters of the Sea of Galilee, although it may also have been used to transport passengers and supplies around and across the lake.
The boat could have been sailed or rowed. It would have used a single square sail stepped amidships. Based on the vessel's size it probably would have had a basic crew of five to four rowers and a helmsman/captain. The boat would have been steered by means of two steering oars.
Historical background
In 67 AD during the Roman conquest of the Galilee, the city of Migdal was a hotbed of Jewish revolt. The Jewish historian Josephus Flavius, who may have been an eyewitness to the events, describes how the Romans, under the future Emperor Titus, took the city after vanquishing a Jewish army arrayed on the plain of Gennessaret. A city wall protected Migdal on land, but it was unprotected at the lake''s shore. By swimming his mounted cavalry around the walls, Titus entered the city and massacred most of its inhabitants except for a few, who escaped in a fleet of fishing boats and remained out in the lake. The next day the Roman General Vespasian ordered the construction of vessels- apparently catamarans of some sort- to attack the Jews stranded in the lake. When ready, soldiers and archers took their places on these vessels and moving out into the lake, engaged the Jews. During the ensuing nautical battle, all the Jews were overwhelmed and killed. Josephus Flavius describes how in the battle''s aftermath the lake''s waters tued crimson with blood, while the shores were covered with derelict Jewish boats (War 111: 462-542).
It was also the time when the thriving lakeside communities witnessed the ministry of Jesus and his desciples and were the sceve of events related to the New Testament. For example the scene in Luke 5:1-7 most likely took place in a vessel just as the one discovered at Ginosar.
Luke 5
The Calling of the First Disciples
1One day as Jesus was standing by the Lake of Gennesaret, with the people crowding around him and listening to hte word of God, 2he saw at the water's edge two boats, left there by the fishermen, who were washking their nets. 3He got into one of the boats, the one belonging to Simon, and asked him to put out a little from shore. Then we sat down and taught the people from the boat.
4When he had finished speaking, he said to Simon, "Put out into deep water, and let down the nets for a catch."
5Simon answered, "Master, we've worked hard all night and haven't caught anything. But because you say so, I will let down the nets."
6When they has donw so, they caught such a large number of fish that their nets began to break. 7So they signaled to their partners in the other boats to come and help them, and they came and filled both boats so full that they began to sink.
Construction techniques
The vessel was built using theshell-based technique, in which the hull's planking was built up prior to theinsertion of frames. The planks were edge-joined by means of mortise-and-tenonjoints. This construction method is well known from Mediterranean shipwrecksdated as early as ca. 1300 BC through the Roman period, until it was replaced byskeleton-based construction in the course of the first millennium AD. Eminentship reconstructor Prof. J. Richard Steffy, of the Institute of NauticalArchaeology at Texas A&M University, who studied the boat during itsexcavation, concluded that the techniques employed in its construction wereconsistent with those common on the Mediterranean around 100 BC – 200AD.
The boat's builders either learned this trade on the Mediterranean or had been apprenticed to a Mediterranean shipwright. At first glance, the planking patte and choice of timbers used inthe hull appear strange. Some planks are unusually narrow, and frames are poorlyfitted to hull curves. However, this may be the result of a shortage ofaffordable wood, which forced an expert shipwright to use inferior timbers- ones that on the Mediterranean coast would have been discarded as unsuitable. Thehull features numerous timbers that appear to have been recycled.
Pegged mortise-and-tenon joints were used to edge-join the hulls planks together, andiron nails driven from the outside served to secure the frames to the hull. Theboat has a fine bow and a deep ste. The hull is constructed primarily ofLebanese cedar planks and oak frames, but ten other wood types have beendocumented in it. This may indicate a wood shortage in which the boatwright wasunable to secure appropriate timber, or perhaps the boats owner was too poor toafford it.
Wood types
Analyses (by Dr. Ella Werker of the Department of Botany, Hebrew University, Jerusalem) of wood samples taken from the hulle timbers revealed that the majority of the vessel''s planks are made of Lebanese cedar, while most of its frames are oak. However, at least ten other types of wood all local to this area were used in the boat''s construction.
Artifacts
Two pottery vessels, a cooking pot and a lamp, were uncloved at the boat site. cooking pot, found outside the boat near the prow could be dated to sometime between the mid-first century BCE and the mid-second century CE. The lamp, found inside the boat was a type dated from the first century to the mid-second century CE. While these vessels served as additional evidence when the boat was dated to the first century, they were not definitive. There was a possibiliy that they had been washed in by the action of the waves or the currents, so they alone were not sufficient to date the craft.
Small piles of iron nails were collected from where the boat frames and planking, exposed above mud level, had disintegrated over time. Additional artifacts were also discovered in and around the boat.
The boat as discovered measured 8.2 meters long, with a maximum breadth of 2.3 meters and a preserved height of 1.2 meters. It probably had a cutwater bow and a recurving ste. The boat apparently represents the largest boat type in use on the lake in antiquity. It would have served primarily for fishing the rich waters of the Sea of Galilee, although it may also have been used to transport passengers and supplies around and across the lake.
The boat could have been sailed or rowed. It would have used a single square sail stepped amidships. Based on the vessel's size it probably would have had a basic crew of five to four rowers and a helmsman/captain. The boat would have been steered by means of two steering oars.
Historical background
In 67 AD during the Roman conquest of the Galilee, the city of Migdal was a hotbed of Jewish revolt. The Jewish historian Josephus Flavius, who may have been an eyewitness to the events, describes how the Romans, under the future Emperor Titus, took the city after vanquishing a Jewish army arrayed on the plain of Gennessaret. A city wall protected Migdal on land, but it was unprotected at the lake''s shore. By swimming his mounted cavalry around the walls, Titus entered the city and massacred most of its inhabitants except for a few, who escaped in a fleet of fishing boats and remained out in the lake. The next day the Roman General Vespasian ordered the construction of vessels- apparently catamarans of some sort- to attack the Jews stranded in the lake. When ready, soldiers and archers took their places on these vessels and moving out into the lake, engaged the Jews. During the ensuing nautical battle, all the Jews were overwhelmed and killed. Josephus Flavius describes how in the battle''s aftermath the lake''s waters tued crimson with blood, while the shores were covered with derelict Jewish boats (War 111: 462-542).
It was also the time when the thriving lakeside communities witnessed the ministry of Jesus and his desciples and were the sceve of events related to the New Testament. For example the scene in Luke 5:1-7 most likely took place in a vessel just as the one discovered at Ginosar.
Luke 5
The Calling of the First Disciples
1One day as Jesus was standing by the Lake of Gennesaret, with the people crowding around him and listening to hte word of God, 2he saw at the water's edge two boats, left there by the fishermen, who were washking their nets. 3He got into one of the boats, the one belonging to Simon, and asked him to put out a little from shore. Then we sat down and taught the people from the boat.
4When he had finished speaking, he said to Simon, "Put out into deep water, and let down the nets for a catch."
5Simon answered, "Master, we've worked hard all night and haven't caught anything. But because you say so, I will let down the nets."
6When they has donw so, they caught such a large number of fish that their nets began to break. 7So they signaled to their partners in the other boats to come and help them, and they came and filled both boats so full that they began to sink.
Construction techniques
The vessel was built using theshell-based technique, in which the hull's planking was built up prior to theinsertion of frames. The planks were edge-joined by means of mortise-and-tenonjoints. This construction method is well known from Mediterranean shipwrecksdated as early as ca. 1300 BC through the Roman period, until it was replaced byskeleton-based construction in the course of the first millennium AD. Eminentship reconstructor Prof. J. Richard Steffy, of the Institute of NauticalArchaeology at Texas A&M University, who studied the boat during itsexcavation, concluded that the techniques employed in its construction wereconsistent with those common on the Mediterranean around 100 BC – 200AD.
The boat's builders either learned this trade on the Mediterranean or had been apprenticed to a Mediterranean shipwright. At first glance, the planking patte and choice of timbers used inthe hull appear strange. Some planks are unusually narrow, and frames are poorlyfitted to hull curves. However, this may be the result of a shortage ofaffordable wood, which forced an expert shipwright to use inferior timbers- ones that on the Mediterranean coast would have been discarded as unsuitable. Thehull features numerous timbers that appear to have been recycled.
Pegged mortise-and-tenon joints were used to edge-join the hulls planks together, andiron nails driven from the outside served to secure the frames to the hull. Theboat has a fine bow and a deep ste. The hull is constructed primarily ofLebanese cedar planks and oak frames, but ten other wood types have beendocumented in it. This may indicate a wood shortage in which the boatwright wasunable to secure appropriate timber, or perhaps the boats owner was too poor toafford it.
Wood types
Analyses (by Dr. Ella Werker of the Department of Botany, Hebrew University, Jerusalem) of wood samples taken from the hulle timbers revealed that the majority of the vessel''s planks are made of Lebanese cedar, while most of its frames are oak. However, at least ten other types of wood all local to this area were used in the boat''s construction.
Artifacts
Two pottery vessels, a cooking pot and a lamp, were uncloved at the boat site. cooking pot, found outside the boat near the prow could be dated to sometime between the mid-first century BCE and the mid-second century CE. The lamp, found inside the boat was a type dated from the first century to the mid-second century CE. While these vessels served as additional evidence when the boat was dated to the first century, they were not definitive. There was a possibiliy that they had been washed in by the action of the waves or the currents, so they alone were not sufficient to date the craft.
Small piles of iron nails were collected from where the boat frames and planking, exposed above mud level, had disintegrated over time. Additional artifacts were also discovered in and around the boat.
The Model
A 1:10 scale model was built by Bill Charlton of Texas A&M University and was displayed in the museums foyer gives the visitor an idea of what a generic first-century AD Galilean boats from the early twentieth century.
http://jesusboat.com
A 1:10 scale model was built by Bill Charlton of Texas A&M University and was displayed in the museums foyer gives the visitor an idea of what a generic first-century AD Galilean boats from the early twentieth century.
http://jesusboat.com
01
HOLYLAND SAILING L.T.D.
ON THE SEA OF GALILEE, 14100 TIBERIAS MARINA, P.O.B. 1920 ISRAEL TEL. 972 4 6723006/7 FAX. 972 4 6790262 CELL. PH. TO BOATS: 050-217426, 050-285246
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